Shaping masculinity through control: Unveiling the impact of paternal authoritarian parenting on child gender role identity
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.71085/joclsi.03.02.52Keywords:
Masculine Development in Children, Child Gender Identity Flexibility, Authoritarian Parenting, Family Systems and Child DevelopmentAbstract
This study seeks to explore the influence of paternal parenting styles associated with masculinity on the development of gender role identity in children. Data was collected from male and female graduates as well as undergraduates at Hazara University Mansehra to address the research questions. Data was collected using a quantitative approach, employing the Bem Sex Role Inventory to evaluate masculinity among the study participants; along with the Paternal Authority Questionnaire, data collection was conducted using a structured questionnaire. A sample of 370 individuals was utilized to collect data at the selected university. The method of Systematic sampling was utilized to gather data from participants. The statistical data was analyzed through univariate, Bi-variate and multi-variate methods. A comprehensive analysis was performed to determine the relationship between dependent and independent variables. The chi-square and gamma association results between the Authoritarian Parenting Style and level of Masculinity were statistically significant and negatively associated.
Downloads
References
Adil, F., & Malik, R. (2024). Role of Parenting Practices to Construct Gender Roles Attitude among Children: A Cross-Sectional Study. Pakistan Journal of Gender Studies, 24(1), 38-52. https://www.socialsciencejournals.pjgs-ws.com/index.php/PJGS/article/view/759
Alkharusi, H., Aldhafri, S., Kazem, A., Alzubiadi, A., & Al-Bahrani, M. (2011). Development and validation of a short version of the parental authority questionnaire. Social Behavior and Personality: an international journal, 39(9), 1193-1208. https://doi.org/10.2224/sbp.2011.39.9.1193 DOI: https://doi.org/10.2224/sbp.2011.39.9.1193
Banić, L., & Orehovački, T. (2024). A Comparison of Parenting Strategies in a Digital Environment: A Systematic Literature Review. Multimodal technologies and interaction, 8(4), 32. https://doi.org/10.3390/mti8040032 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/mti8040032
Baumrind, D. (1971). Current patterns of parental authority. Developmental psychology, 4(1p2), https://doi.org/10.1037/h0030372 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/h0030372
Bem, S. L. (1974). The measurement of psychological androgyny. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 42, 155–162 https://doi.org/10.1037/h0036215 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/h0036215
Bi, X., Yang, Y., Li, H., Wang, M., Zhang, W., & Deater-Deckard, K. (2018). Parenting styles and parent–adolescent relationships: The mediating roles of behavioral autonomy and parental authority. Frontiers in psychology, 9, 2187. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2018.02187 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2018.02187
Bourke, R., O'Neill, J., & Loveridge, J. (2024). Intergenerational Learning. In Understanding Children's Informal Learning: Appreciating Everyday Learners (pp. 75-95). Emerald Publishing Limited. https://doi.org/10.1108/978-1-80117-274-520241005 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/978-1-80117-274-520241005
Bronfenbrenner, U. (2013). Ecology of the family as a context for human development: Research perspectives. Adolescents and their families, 1-20. https://doi.org/10.1037/0012-1649.22.6.723 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/0012-1649.22.6.723
Burton, M. (2014). Negotiating masculinity: how infertility impacts hegemonic masculinity. Laurier Undergraduate Journal of the Arts, 1(1), 49-57.
Bussey, K. (2011). Gender identity development. Handbook of identity theory and research, 603-628. Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-7988-9_25 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-7988-9_25
Carter, M. J. (2014). Gender socialization and identity theory. Social sciences, 3(2), 242-263. https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci3020242 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci3020242
Cherry, K. (2015). Parenting styles: What they are and why they matters. Retrieved from http://psychology.http://psychology.about.com/od/developmentalpsychology/a/parenting-style.htm
Christel, L. (2023). How Do Queer Women from Mexico Experience the Influence of Societal Norms on Constructing Their Gender Identity and Sexual Orientation in a Society Shaped by Machismo?-Unraveling the Complexities of Understanding the Link between Gender, Sexuality, and Culture (Doctoral dissertation).
Coplan, R. J., Hastings, P. D., Lagacé-Séguin, D. G., & Moulton, C. E. (2002). Authoritative and authoritarian mothers' parenting goals, attributions, and emotions across different childrearing contexts. Parenting, 2(1), 1-26. https://doi.org/10.1207/S15327922PAR0201_1 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1207/S15327922PAR0201_1
Desyanty, E. S., Hikmah, R. K. A., & Zahra, T. F. (2020, December). The Role of the Family in Recognizing Gender Identity in Children. In 1st International Conference on Information Technology and Education (ICITE 2020) (pp. 634-637). Atlantis Press. https://doi.org/10.2991/assehr.k.201214.310 DOI: https://doi.org/10.2991/assehr.k.201214.310
Edwards, K. E., & Jones, S. R. (2009). “Putting My Man Face On”: A Grounded Theory of College Men’s Gender Identity Development. Journal of College Student Development, 50(2), 210 228. https://doi.org/10.1353/csd.0.0063 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1353/csd.0.0063
Fundora, D. R. (2024). Gender Socialization Experiences and Behaviors of Pre-and In-service Teachers Enrolled in University Education Programs (Doctoral dissertation, Barry University).
Hoskins, D. H. (2014). Consequences of parenting on adolescent outcomes. Societies, 4(3), 506-531. https://doi.org/10.3390/soc4030506 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/soc4030506
Kelmendi, K., & Jemini-Gashi, L. (2022). An exploratory study of gender role stress and psychological distress of women in Kosovo. Women's Health, 18, https://doi.org/10.1177/17455057221097823 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/17455057221097823
Koehly, L. M., & Manalel, J. A. (2023). Interconnected social convoys: Understanding health and well-being through linked personal networks. Advances in Life Course Research, 56,. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.alcr.2023.100541 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.alcr.2023.100541
Lafta, M. S., Mwinyi, J., Affatato, O., Rukh, G., Dang, J., Andersson, G., & Schiöth, H. B. (2024). Exploring sex differences: insights into gene expression, neuroanatomy, neurochemistry, cognition, and pathology. Frontiers in Neuroscience, 18, 1340108. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnins.2024.1340108 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fnins.2024.1340108
Longmire, M. (2024). Parental guidance necessary: A qualitative study on the impacts of parenting styles.
Moura, T., Uchôa, M., Ferreira, P., Mascarenhas, M., Gonçalves, S., & Santos, P. (2024). Will Boys Be Boys? Be KINDER: Deconstructing Stereotypes from Childhood, the Case of Portugal. Boyhood Studies, 1(aop), 1-26. https://doi.org/10.3167/bhs.2024.010102 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3167/bhs.2024.1015OF101
Ngwaka, L. C., Chigbu, E. F., Oguzie, A. E., & Nwadinobi, V. N. (2024). PARENTING STYLES AS CORRELATES OF TEENAGE PREGNANCY AMONG ADOLESCENTS IN PUBLIC SECONDARY SCHOOLS IN ENUGU STATE, NIGERIA. European Journal of Special Education Research, 10(1). https://doi.org/10.46827/ejse.v10i1.5228 DOI: https://doi.org/10.46827/ejse.v10i1.5228
Nijhof, K. S., C., R., & Engels, M. E. (2007). Parenting styles, coping strategies and the expression of homesickness. Journal of Adolescence, 30(5), 709-720. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adolescence.2006.11.009 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adolescence.2006.11.009
Peterson, G. W. (2005). Family influences on adolescent development. In Handbook of adolescent behavioral problems: Evidence-based approaches to prevention and treatment (pp. 27-55). Boston, MA: Springer US. https://doi.org/10.1007/0-387- DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/0-387-23846-8_3
Pinna, M. (2020). Do gender identities of femininity and masculinity affect the intention to buy ethical products?. Psychology & Marketing, 37(3), 384-397. https://doi.org/10.1002/mar.21298 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/mar.21298
Qing, S. (2020). Gender role attitudes and male-female income differences in China. The Journal of Chinese Sociology, 7(1), 12. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40711-020-00123-w DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40711-020-00123-w
Rogers, A. A., Nielson, M. G., & Santos, C. E. (2021). Manning up while growing up: A developmental-contextual perspective on masculine gender-role socialization in adolescence. Psychology of Men & Masculinities, 22(2), 354. https://doi.org/10.1037/men0000296 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1037/men0000296
Rotundi, L. (2020). The issue of toxic masculinity. LUISS Guido Carli: LIBERIA UNIVERSITA INTERNATIONALE DEGLI STUDI SOCIALI. https://tesi. luiss. it/27362/1/085972_ROTUNDI_LAVINIA. pdf (accessed Sep 3, 2022). https://tesi.luiss.it/27362/
Spence, J. T., & Buckner, C. (2012). Masculinity and femininity: Defining the undefinable. In Gender, power, and communication in human relationships (pp. 105-138). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203052792-7 DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203052792-7
Thomas, K. D., & Levent, R. F. (2012). Does the endorsement of traditional masculinity ideology moderate the relationship between exposure to violent video games and aggression? The Journal of Men’s Studies, 20(1), 47-56. https://doi.org/10.3149/jms.2001.47 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3149/jms.2001.47
Yengo, W. H. (2023). Parental Styles and Adolescents’ Autonomy. https://www.diva-portal.org/smash/record.jsf?pid=diva2:1771397
Yu, J., McLellan, R., & Winter, L. (2021). Which boys and which girls are falling behind? Linking adolescents’ gender role profiles to motivation, engagement, and achievement. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 50(2), 336-352. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-020-01293-z DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-020-01293-z
Downloads
Published
Data Availability Statement
The data supporting the findings of this study are not publicly available due to confidentiality and ethical considerations. However, they can be made available upon reasonable request from the corresponding author, subject to approval by relevant institutional review boards and ethical committees.
Issue
Section
Categories
License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
How to Cite
